Understanding Blood Pressure: Types, Regulation, Hypertension & Hypotension

Written by: Chandrika KC, ESC Intern

Blood pressure is the force exerted by the circulating blood against the wall of the arteries. It’s a measurement which is measured in mm of Hg. The blood pressure has two numbers.

1.Systolic pressure

Pressure exerted by blood on the arteries when the heart beats.

2. Diastolic pressure

Pressure exerted by blood on the arteries when the heart rests between the beats.

The normal range of blood pressure is 120/80 mm of Hg.

There are two types of conditions when the blood pressure fluctuates.

1. Hypertension

If the blood pressure is high that condition is called hypertension.

2. Hypotension

If the blood pressure is low that condition is called hypotension.

Range of Blood Pressure according to American Heart Association (ADA)

Regulation of Blood Pressure

1. At first the renin secreted by Kidney is converted to angiotensin I with the help of angiotensinogen enzyme secreted by the liver.
2. Then angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II with the help of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) which is secreted by Lungs.
3. On one hand angiotensin II stimulate vasoconstriction and causes rise in BP.
4. On another hand angiotensin II stimulate the adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone which stimulate water reabsorption and cause ankle swelling, edema, etc.

Hypertension

If the systolic blood pressure is higher than 140 mm Hg and the diastolic blood pressure is higher than 90 mm Hg then that condition is called Hypertension.

Symptoms of hypertension

They do not often show the symptoms therefore, known as “silent killer”. Some of the symptoms seen in the patient with hypertension are Headaches, dizziness, blurred or double vision, chest pain, etc.

Causes of Hypertension

Modifiable causes of Hypertension

1. Diet (the high intake of sodium and less intake of potassium cause hypertension)
2. Physical activity (Lack of physical activity can result in hypertension)
3. Alcohol consumption (excessive intake of alcohol results in hypertension)
4. Stimulative substances (Smoking, nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine can cause hypertension because of their stimulative properties)
5. Stress (high stress can spike the pressure for certain period of time)
6. Weight (obesity is main risk factor)

Non modifiable causes

1. Age (increasing age can result in hypertension)
2. Family history (if the parents or grandparents have hypertension there is high chance of hypertension)

Medical conditions that can be the causes of hypertension

1. Diabetes, sleep apnea, chronic kidney disease, etc. can cause hypertension.
2. If the tumor is present in adrenal glands that can lead to hypertension.
3. Hyperlipidemia can cause build up in the blood vessels, narrowing them and causing hypertension.

🤝 Join Our Community! Your skills and passion can make an impact.

Consequences of Hypertension

1. Eyes
2. Retinopathy
3. Kidney
4. Renal failure
5. Heart
6. Myocardial infraction, Cardiac heart failure, Angina pectoris
7. Brain
8. Stroke
9. Arteries
10. Atherosclerosis

Routine test recommended by JNC (Joint National committee) for the initial evaluation of Hypertension

• Serum chemistry
• Creatinine, Glucose, Potassium
• Electrolyte
• Uric acid
• Chest radiography
• Urinalysis
• Electrocardiogram

Treatment of Hypertension

Lifestyle modification

• Eating healthy diet with less salt
• Physical exercise regularly
• Losing weight and maintaining healthy weight
• Limit alcohol
• No smoking
• Getting enough sleep

Antihypertensive agents

Mnemonics: ABCD

1. ACE inhibitors: Captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, ramipril
2. ARB: Losartan, valsartan, irbesartan, candesartan
3. Alpha blocker: Prazosin, Terazosin, Phentolamine, phenoxybenzamine
4. Alpha beta blocker: Labetalol, Carvedilol
5. Beta blocker: Metoprolol, Propranolol, atenolol
6. Calcium channel blocker: Verapamil, Diltiazem, nifedipine
7. Diuretics: Spironolactone, thiazide, furosemide
8. Direct renin inhibitor: Alis Kiren
9. Central sympatholytic: methyldopa, clonidine
10. Vasodilators: Hydralazine, Minoxidil

Hypotension

The condition in which the blood pressure measure is below 90 (systolic) to 60 (diastolic) mm hg is called Hypotension. It simply means low blood pressure i.e. the force exerted by blood on the wall of artery is very less. Normally, the hypotension does not cause any serious problem in many people but for some it can be life threatening. Hypotension symptoms are not generally noticed except dizziness, fainting and tremor.

Symptoms of hypotension

• Dizziness, fainting, tremor, upset stomach, trouble concentrating, fatigue, blurred vision, etc.

Conditions that can cause the low blood pressure

• Dehydration
• Pregnancy
• Heart attack, health failure, heart valve disease
• Hormone related disease: Addison’s Disease
• Blood loss
• Severe infection that causes septic shock
• Anaphylaxis
• Lack of nutrients in diet
• Certain medications: medicine to treat hypertension, Parkinson disease, etc.

Treatment of hypotension

1. Use more salt in the diet
2. Drink a lot of water
3. Eat small but frequent meals
4. Increase fluid intake
5. Get up slowly to avoid dizziness
6. Medications: Vasopressor, fludrocortisone, midodrine, droxidopa, pyridostigmine, etc.

💬 Let’s Connect! Need more information? Send us a message!

In a world where everything moves fast, and stress is almost unavoidable, people are constantly looking for ways to feel better, mentally and physically. Yoga and Meditation are two powerful tools that have been helping people for centuries. Some practice them to heal from suffering, while other use them to bring peace and balance into their daily lives. But in today’s world, where mental health issues are rising and physical well-being is often neglected, these ancient practices are more important than ever.

How Yoga and Meditation Can Help in Public Health

Public health is not just about preventing diseases, it is also promoting overall wellness. Yoga and Meditation contribute significantly to both mental and physical health, making them an essential part of a healthy lifestyle. They are not just for people who are struggling with stress, anxiety, or illness. Even if someone feels perfectly fine, practicing them regularly can improve mood, focus and energy levels.

From a Public health perspective, these practices can help reduce the burden on healthcare systems. With rising cases of chronic diseases like heart disease, diabetes, and hypertension, yoga and Meditation can serve as preventive measures. They promote better immune function, hormonal balance, and mental resilience, reducing the need for medical interventions.

Yoga for the Body and Mind

Many people think of yoga as just physical postures, but it is more than that. It is a complete system that connects the body and mind. Regular yoga practice improves flexibility, postures and strength, and helps prevent injuries and chronic pain.

Yoga also contributes to better lung function, improved circulation, and enhanced metabolism. It is an effective way to manage stress, as it lowers cortisol levels(the stress hormone)and promotes relaxation.In today’s fast paced world,where mental health issues like depresion and anxiety are common,yoga provides a natural and effective way to cope.

Meditation: A Simple Practice with Powerful Effects

Unlike yoga, which involves movement, Meditation is about stillness. But its effects are just as powerful. Meditation helps clear the mind, improve focus, and bring emotional stability. Research shows that people who meditate regularly have better mental clarity, stronger emotional resilience, and lower levels of stress and anxiety.

One of the biggest advantages of Meditation is that it is simple. You don’t need equipment, a special location, or even a lot of time. Just a few minutes a day can bring noticeable changes. Meditation lowers blood pressure, strengthens the immune system, and improves sleep quality which contribute to better public health.

Why Should Everyone Try Yoga and Meditation?

You don’t need to be a fitness expert or a spiritual person to start yoga or Meditation. These practices are for everyone. Some people do it everyday as part of their routine, while others, like me, turn to it when they feel overwhelmed.

I have never been a regular yoga person, but I used to work with a yoga instructor before. That’s when I learned about it and practiced a little. But I never made it party of my daily routine. However, Meditation has become a daily habit for me. I started it without much thought, but overtime, I realized that it helps me feel refreshed, clear-minded, and at peace. It is like pressing a reset button on my thoughts.

There were times when I felt mentally exhausted, weak inside, and couldn’t focus on anything. That’s when I turned to Meditation. And honestly, it works.

Many people hesitate to try yoga and Meditation because they think it requires dedication, flexibility, or spirituality. But that’s not true. These practices don’t ask for anything but a few minutes of your time. Whether you are a student, a working professional, a parent, or a retired person, these practices fit into any lifestyle.

Yoga and Meditation in Everyday Life

For people suffering from stress, anxiety, or depression, yoga and Meditation can become game changers. They bring calmness, improve sleep, and reduce negative thoughts. For chronic diseases, these practices help in pain management, energy levels, and overall health.

But what about people who are not suffering from any issues?Yoga and Meditation are not just for healing,they are for maintaining well-being.Even if you fell healthy,practicing them regularly can help you stay that way.They boost energy, improve productivity, and make you feel more positive throughout the day.

How I Learned About Meditation from International Volunteers

My journey into Meditation became more serious after interacting with international volunteers. Many were passionate about self-care and shared how mindfulness meditation transformed their lives. Seeing their dedication, I decided to try it seriously. And now, it is something I look forward to every day. The most significant change I have noticed is in my mental clarity and emotional balance.

One of the volunteers told me,” Meditation is not about stopping your thoughts; it’s about becoming aware of them without reacting.”That changed my perspective. Before, Meditation meant sitting still and thinking about nothing, which felt impossible. But now, I understand it’s about observing thoughts and letting them go without attachment.

The Simplicity of Starting Yoga and Meditation

One of the best things about these practices is that you can start anytime.

• For yoga, you don’t need a fancy mat or expensive classes. Just a quiet space is enough.
• For Meditation, you don’t need any special skills. Just sit comfortably and focus on your breathing. That’s it.

There are different types of yoga and Meditation, but the most important thing is to find what works for you. Some people prefer guided Meditation, while others like silent Meditation. Some love gentle yoga, while others enjoy an intense session. There is no right or wrong way-just the way that makes you feel good.

Final Thoughts: Why Everyone Should Try it

Yoga and Meditation are not just trends,they are timeless practices with real benefits.From improving mental health to strengthening the immune system,these techniques offer something valuable for everyone.They have a significant role in public health by preventing lifestyle diseases,reducing healthcare costs,and promoting overall wellness in communities.

Even if you are not suffering from the stress of illness, adding a few minutes of yoga and Meditation to your daily life can make you feel more positive, calm, and energetic. And if you are struggling, these practices can be a natural way to find relief.

I am not a yoga expert,nor do I practice it everyday,but I know how powerful it can be.And with Meditation,I have seen changes in my life.If you have never tried it,I highly recommend giving it a chance.It might surprise you how something so simple can make a big difference.Prioitizing these practices in our daily routines can lead to better mental clarity,improved emotional balance,and a healthier life overall.

Good health is not just the absence of disease; it is the presence of well-being. Yoga and Meditation are two simple yet profound ways to achieve that.

References:

1. ‘Yoga and Meditation’. SlideShare, 13 Mar. 2019, https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/yoga-and-meditation-136145857/136145857.